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IntegrationIntegration by Substitution 1We assume that you are familiar with basic integration. Recall that if Note that there are no general integration rules for products and quotients of two functions. We now provide a rule that can be used to integrate products and quotients in particular forms. The idea is to convert an integral into a basic one by substitution. Before we give a general expression, we look at an example. ExampleBy the chain rule,
Hence If we substitute u = x2 then The left hand side of (#) becomes Thus, This can be generalised for any product that is a composite function multiplied by the derivative of the inner funcion. This integration rule follows from the chain rule for differentiation. Substitution RuleTo integrate
NB. The presence of the derivative as a factor of what is being substituted into an integrand is an essential ingredient of the substitution rule. ExamplesExercisesThe hardest part of the integration is often choosing the right value to substitute. These exercises give practice in choosing u. These exercises are more tricky. Watch out for a common numeric factor in the derivative factor! Now try solving the whole problem. Evaluate the indefinite integrals. QuotientsOne type of problem deserves special mention. The problem appears at first sight as a quotient with larger denominator than numerator rather than as a product of a function raised to the power -1 and its derivative and thus often fools solvers when viewed in isolation: The derivative, f '(x), "disappears like magic". ExamplesBe very careful to check that the numerator is equal to a constant times the derivative of the denominator or this method cannot be used. ExampleThe derivative of x2 + x − 1 is 2x + 1 not just 2x so this method cannot be used. |